NBT Encoding and Decoding

This guide covers working with NBT (Named Binary Tag) format using the minecraft/nbt package. NBT is Minecraft’s binary data format used for world data, entities, items, and more.

Overview

The minecraft/nbt package provides:

Encoding Go structs/maps to NBT binary format
Decoding NBT binary data to Go structs/maps
Multiple encoding variants (NetworkLittleEndian, NetworkBigEndian, JavaEdition)
Streaming encoder/decoder for efficient processing

Type Mappings

Go Types to NBT Tags

Go Type	NBT Tag
`byte`/`uint8`	TAG_Byte
`bool`	TAG_Byte
`int16`	TAG_Short
`int32`	TAG_Int
`int64`	TAG_Long
`float32`	TAG_Float
`float64`	TAG_Double
`[...]byte`	TAG_ByteArray
`[...]int32`	TAG_IntArray
`[...]int64`	TAG_LongArray
`string`	TAG_String
`[]<type>`	TAG_List
`struct{...}`	TAG_Compound
`map[string]<type>`	TAG_Compound

Basic Encoding

Import the Package

import "github.com/sandertv/gophertunnel/minecraft/nbt"

Define a Struct

Create a Go struct with NBT tags:

type PlayerData struct {
    Name     string
    Health   int16
    Position [3]float64
    Inventory []Item `nbt:"Items"`
}

type Item struct {
    ID    string
    Count byte
}

Encode to NBT

Use Marshal to encode:

player := PlayerData{
    Name:     "Steve",
    Health:   20,
    Position: [3]float64{100.0, 64.0, 200.0},
    Inventory: []Item{
        {ID: "minecraft:diamond", Count: 64},
        {ID: "minecraft:iron_ingot", Count: 32},
    },
}

data, err := nbt.Marshal(player)
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}

Basic Decoding

Define Target Struct

Create a struct to decode into:

var player PlayerData

Decode from NBT

Use Unmarshal to decode:

err := nbt.Unmarshal(data, &player)
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}

fmt.Printf("Player: %s\n", player.Name)
fmt.Printf("Health: %d\n", player.Health)

Struct Tags

Field Naming

Use nbt tags to control field names:

type Entity struct {
    Position [3]float64 `nbt:"Pos"`        // NBT name: "Pos"
    Motion   [3]float64 `nbt:"Motion"`    // NBT name: "Motion"
    Rotation [2]float32 `nbt:"Rotation"`  // NBT name: "Rotation"
}

Omit Empty

Skip zero-value fields:

type Item struct {
    ID         string `nbt:"id"`
    Count      byte   `nbt:"Count"`
    Damage     int16  `nbt:"Damage,omitempty"`     // Omit if 0
    CustomName string `nbt:"CustomName,omitempty"` // Omit if ""
}

Ignore Fields

Exclude fields from encoding/decoding:

type Player struct {
    Name     string
    Health   int16
    Internal string `nbt:"-"` // Never encoded/decoded
}

Encoding Variants

Network Little Endian (Default)

Used for Bedrock Edition network protocol:

data, err := nbt.Marshal(value)
// Or explicitly:
data, err := nbt.MarshalEncoding(value, nbt.NetworkLittleEndian)

Network Big Endian

Used for Java Edition network protocol:

data, err := nbt.MarshalEncoding(value, nbt.NetworkBigEndian)

File Encoding

For reading/writing world files:

// Bedrock files typically use little endian
data, err := nbt.MarshalEncoding(value, nbt.LittleEndian)

Streaming API

Encoder

For writing to streams:

import "os"

file, err := os.Create("data.nbt")
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}
defer file.Close()

encoder := nbt.NewEncoder(file)
encoder.Encoding = nbt.NetworkLittleEndian

err = encoder.Encode(player)
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}

Decoder

For reading from streams:

file, err := os.Open("data.nbt")
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}
defer file.Close()

decoder := nbt.NewDecoder(file)
decoder.Encoding = nbt.NetworkLittleEndian

var player PlayerData
err = decoder.Decode(&player)
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}

Custom Encoding

import "bytes"

buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
encoder := nbt.NewEncoderWithEncoding(buf, nbt.NetworkBigEndian)

err := encoder.Encode(data)
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}

Working with Maps

Dynamic Data

Use maps for unknown structure:

var data map[string]any

err := nbt.Unmarshal(nbtData, &data)
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}

// Access fields dynamically
if name, ok := data["Name"].(string); ok {
    fmt.Printf("Name: %s\n", name)
}

if health, ok := data["Health"].(int16); ok {
    fmt.Printf("Health: %d\n", health)
}

Encoding Maps

data := map[string]any{
    "Name":   "Steve",
    "Health": int16(20),
    "Position": [3]float64{100.0, 64.0, 200.0},
}

nbtData, err := nbt.Marshal(data)
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}

Array Types

Byte Arrays

type Block struct {
    BlockData [16]byte `nbt:"BlockData"` // TAG_ByteArray
}

Int Arrays

type Chunk struct {
    BlockIDs [4096]int32 `nbt:"Blocks"` // TAG_IntArray
}

Long Arrays

type Palette struct {
    States [256]int64 `nbt:"States"` // TAG_LongArray
}

Lists

Homogeneous Lists

Lists must contain elements of the same type:

type Inventory struct {
    Items []Item `nbt:"Items"` // TAG_List of TAG_Compound
}

type Colors struct {
    RGB []int32 `nbt:"Colors"` // TAG_List of TAG_Int
}

Empty Lists

type Container struct {
    Items []Item `nbt:"Items"` // Empty list is allowed
}

container := Container{
    Items: []Item{}, // Empty slice
}

Complete Examples

World Entity

type Entity struct {
    ID         string      `nbt:"id"`
    Position   [3]float64  `nbt:"Pos"`
    Motion     [3]float64  `nbt:"Motion"`
    Rotation   [2]float32  `nbt:"Rotation"`
    OnGround   bool        `nbt:"OnGround"`
    Health     int16       `nbt:"Health"`
    CustomName string      `nbt:"CustomName,omitempty"`
    Tags       []string    `nbt:"Tags"`
}

entity := Entity{
    ID:       "minecraft:zombie",
    Position: [3]float64{100.5, 64.0, 200.5},
    Motion:   [3]float64{0.0, -0.08, 0.0},
    Rotation: [2]float32{45.0, 0.0},
    OnGround: true,
    Health:   20,
    Tags:     []string{"mob", "hostile"},
}

data, err := nbt.Marshal(entity)
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}

Player Inventory

type PlayerInventory struct {
    Size  int32  `nbt:"Size"`
    Items []Item `nbt:"Items"`
}

type Item struct {
    Slot       byte   `nbt:"Slot"`
    ID         string `nbt:"id"`
    Count      byte   `nbt:"Count"`
    Damage     int16  `nbt:"Damage,omitempty"`
    CustomName string `nbt:"display.Name,omitempty"`
}

inventory := PlayerInventory{
    Size: 36,
    Items: []Item{
        {Slot: 0, ID: "minecraft:diamond_sword", Count: 1, CustomName: "Excalibur"},
        {Slot: 1, ID: "minecraft:diamond", Count: 64},
    },
}

data, err := nbt.Marshal(inventory)
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}

Decode Unknown Structure

import "fmt"

// Read NBT with unknown structure
var data map[string]any
err := nbt.Unmarshal(nbtData, &data)
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}

// Recursively print structure
func printNBT(data any, indent int) {
    prefix := strings.Repeat("  ", indent)
    
    switch v := data.(type) {
    case map[string]any:
        for key, value := range v {
            fmt.Printf("%s%s:\n", prefix, key)
            printNBT(value, indent+1)
        }
    case []any:
        for i, value := range v {
            fmt.Printf("%s[%d]:\n", prefix, i)
            printNBT(value, indent+1)
        }
    default:
        fmt.Printf("%s%v (%T)\n", prefix, v, v)
    }
}

printNBT(data, 0)

Error Handling

Encoding Errors

data, err := nbt.Marshal(value)
if err != nil {
    switch e := err.(type) {
    case nbt.IncompatibleTypeError:
        fmt.Printf("Incompatible type: %v\n", e.Type)
    case nbt.MaximumDepthReachedError:
        fmt.Println("NBT structure too deep")
    default:
        fmt.Printf("Encoding error: %v\n", err)
    }
}

Decoding Errors

err := nbt.Unmarshal(data, &value)
if err != nil {
    switch e := err.(type) {
    case nbt.InvalidTypeError:
        fmt.Printf("Invalid type for field %s\n", e.Field)
    case nbt.BufferOverrunError:
        fmt.Println("Incomplete NBT data")
    case nbt.UnexpectedNamedTagError:
        fmt.Printf("Unexpected tag: %s\n", e.TagName)
    default:
        fmt.Printf("Decoding error: %v\n", err)
    }
}

Best Practices

Use Structs: Prefer structs over maps for known structures
Tag Fields: Use nbt tags to match Minecraft’s NBT format
Handle Errors: Always check encoding/decoding errors
Use Correct Encoding: Use NetworkLittleEndian for Bedrock network data
Validate Data: Validate decoded data before using it

Performance Tips

Stream Large Data: Use Encoder/Decoder for large files
Reuse Buffers: The package uses buffer pools internally
Avoid Deep Nesting: Deep NBT structures are slower to process

Next Steps

Learn about packet encoding
Understand world data formats
Build tools to inspect NBT data

Get Started

Core Concepts

Guides

Examples

​Overview

​Type Mappings

​Go Types to NBT Tags

​Basic Encoding

​Basic Decoding

​Struct Tags

​Field Naming

​Omit Empty

​Ignore Fields

​Encoding Variants

​Network Little Endian (Default)

​Network Big Endian

​File Encoding

​Streaming API

​Encoder

​Decoder

​Custom Encoding

​Working with Maps

​Dynamic Data

​Encoding Maps

​Array Types

​Byte Arrays

​Int Arrays

​Long Arrays

​Lists

​Homogeneous Lists

​Empty Lists

​Complete Examples

​World Entity

​Player Inventory

​Decode Unknown Structure

​Error Handling

​Encoding Errors

​Decoding Errors

​Best Practices

​Performance Tips

​Next Steps